Table of contents. Introduction Classification of OSI Security Architecture Security attacks Passive attacks Active attacks Security...

A Router is a networking device used to exchange packets of data between computer networks. A router can not work only with a single...

Network Address Translation or NAT gives the facility of accessing the internet by multiple devices through a single public IP address....

IP is abbreviated from Internet Protocol. So IP address also known as Internet Protocol address is a unique address used to identify a...

Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) The method Carrier Sense Multiple Access which is abbreviated as CSMA was created to reduce the risk...

The data-link layer applies error control techniques to guarantee that frames, or bit streams of data, are effectively delivered from the...