The Numeric Generations are used to represent the Cellular Communication Networks.
So far, the numeric generations are 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G. Currently, the 4G network is fully deployed and used more often and the 5G network is growing.
Table of Contents
5G Network
It is the most recent cellular generation which began in 2018 but will take many years to reach nationwide deployment. When high frequencies are used, the 5G network boosts the speed at the expense of constructing many more cell towers.
5G is compatible with 4G LTE although it can replace it. The 5G network is governed by the 3GPP. It improves transmission speed to around 1Gbps, up from about 200Mbps, which is the maximum speed that can gain through a 4G network.
The response time is lowered from around 100 milliseconds to 1 milliseconds. Furthermore, more devices can be connected at the same time.
Prioritization is also embraced by 5G. As video chatting and streaming become more popular, real-time content must take precedence over Web pages. 5G, a potential business disruptor, is intended not only for mobile phones but also for in-home Broadband internet, particularly in rural areas.
4G - LTE Network
The 4G - LTE network was started around the year 2011, and LTE was embraced by GSM and CDMA carriers. Higher speeds than 3G were offered. By using IP protocols 4G LTE can integrate all data, voice, and video communications.
LTE is abbreviated from Long Term Evolution. It is the primary cellphone transmission technique at the moment. LTE is a 4G technology that replaces 3G and uses the GSM software infrastructure but different hardware interfaces. Voice was handled by the traditional circuit-switched network in 3G and all previous cellular networks, while only data used the Internet's packet-switched architecture. The Evolved Packet System (EPS) of LTE transports voice and data in IP packets. EPS is made up of the OFDMA-based E-UTRAN air interface and the Evolved Packet Core (EPC). For the time being, LTE/4G will coexist alongside 5G.
LTE delivers global compatibility in over three dozen frequency bands throughout the world. But, a phone that is capable of supporting all channels does not exist. The initial LTE standard was improved in terms of speed and other factors.
4G - WiMAX Network
WiMAX is referred to as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access. Sprint was the first provider in the United States to deploy a 4G network based on WiMAX technology. It was first introduced in large cities in 2009, however, it was later faded out in favor of LTE.
WiMAX enabled ISPs and carriers to provide last-mile connection to households and businesses over the air without incurring the expenses of installing cables. The coverage of a Wi-Fi hotspot is measured in feet, while the coverage of a WiMAX cell is measured in miles, and so is the coverage of a cellular network. WiMAX service competes with 4G LTE service.
4G - HSPA+ Network
The ITU formally recognized HSPA+ as a 4G technology in late 2010, having previously categorized it as 3G.
HSPA is abbreviated for High-Speed Packet Access. The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) governs a set of high-speed 3G and 4G digital data services. HSPA was deployed by GSM cellular operators and had approximately two billion customers globally at the end of 2014. Despite being based on WCDMA, HSPA is a significant improvement with additional channels and improved modulation techniques. Furthermore, HSPA can recover from errors faster.
After the first deployment in the United States in 2005, HSPA+ (HSPA Plus) updates introduced support for multiple antennas and were recognized as 4G technology by the ITU.
3G - WCDMA/HSDPA and CDMA2000 Network
The Third Generation (3G) introduced shortly after the turn of the century, offers faster Internet connection with downstream rates of up to 1 Mbps and more. WCDMA and HSDPA are the primary 3G technology on the GSM side, with CDMA2000 on the CDMA side.
CDMA2000
CDMA cellular technology enhancements expanded the user count on a voice circuit while also providing high-speed packet data. CDMA2000 was the first 3G technology introduced as a part of the ITU's IMT-2000 framework in the year 2000. Over 440 million CDMA200 customers were reported by the year 2009 as per The CDMA Development Group (CDG).
There were two versions of CDMA2000
CDMA2000 1x:
This is the first CDMA2000 version that allows up to 100 callers to share a single 1.25 MHz CDMA channel at a peak data rate of 153 Kbps. The usage of a single channel is referred to as "1X" or "1xRTT" (1x Radio Transmission Technology).
CDMA2000 EV-DO:
The Evolution-Data Optimized (EV-DO) technology improved the peak data rate to 2.45 Mbps, then to 3.1 Mbps per channel, with the average user experience speeds between 500 to 800 Kbps.
WCDMA
It is based on CDMA which is known as Wideband CDMA. It is the CDMA technology that used air interface in 3G cellular technology.
The CDMA air interface is used in 3G cellular technology. WCDMA is compatible with WCDMA telephones, as well as computers and portable devices equipped with WCDMA modems. WCDMA, which falls under both the UMTS and IMT-2000 umbrellas, allows GSM operators to deliver a faster data rate than the EDGE network. WCDMA gives a moderate speed gain for both voice and data, and many GSM carriers switched to HSPA for data, which is also based on WCDMA, while maintaining GSM for voice.
2G/2.5G - GSM/CDMA, GPRS/EDGE/IS95-B Network
Digital Voice Systems are applied in second-generation (2G) cellular networks. It replaced analog phones in the 1990s and was based on TDMA and CDMA air interfaces. GSM, which was first used in Europe, quickly became the dominant TDMA technology globally. Data networks (GPRS, EDGE, and IS-95B) were provided, allowing for Internet access and email with slower downstream speeds in the Kbps range.
1G - Analog Voice Network
The earliest cellular networks, which were introduced in the late 1970s, were analog voice systems. Years later, certain 1G telephones might occasionally provide wireless data connectivity to a laptop by connecting to the laptop's dial-up modem, but the connections were unstable and the data transfer rate was minimal.
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